|
Approximately six million Polish citizens perished during World War II: about one fifth of the pre-war population.〔 Most were civilian victims of the war crimes and crimes against humanity during the occupation by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Statistics for Polish World War II casualties are divergent and contradictory. This article provides a summarization of these estimates of Poland's human losses in the war and their causes. The official Polish government report on war damages prepared in 1947 put Poland's war dead at 6,028,000; 3.0 million ethnic Poles and 3.0 million Jews not including losses of Polish citizens from the Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnic groups. This figure was disputed when the communist system collapsed by the Polish historian Czesław Łuczak who put total losses at 6.0 million; 3.0 million Jews, 2.0 million ethnic Poles, and 1.0 million Polish citizens from the other ethnic groups not included in the 1947 report on war damages.〔Łuczak (1994) p. 9-14〕〔Materski and Szarota page 16〕 In 2009 the Polish government-affiliated Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) published the study ''"Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami"'' ''(Poland 1939-1945. Human Losses and Victims of Repression Under the Two Occupations)'' that estimated Poland's war dead at between 5.6 and 5.8 million Poles and Jews, including 150,000 during the Soviet occupation.〔 Poland's losses by geographic area include about 3.5 million within the borders of present-day Poland, and about two million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.〔Krystyna Kersten, Szacunek strat osobowych w Polsce Wschodniej. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI- 1994 p. 47〕 Contemporary Russian sources include Poland's losses in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union with Soviet war dead.〔Андреев, Е.М (Andreev, EM), et al., ''Население Советского Союза: 1922-1991''(Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991). Moscow, ''Наука'' (Nauka), 1993. ISBN 5-02-013479-1. Pp. 73-79, Soviet losses of 26.6 million are calculated for the USSR population in mid-1941 within the borders of 1946-1991〕 In Poland this is viewed as inflating Soviet casualties at Poland's expense. ==Causes== Most Polish citizens who perished in the war were civilian victims of the war crimes and crimes against humanity during the occupation by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. The Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) estimates total deaths under the German occupation at 5,470,000 to 5.670,000 Jews and Poles,〔Materski and Szarota page 9 ''Sądzić zatem można, że z rąk Niemców zginęło ok. 5 470 000-5 670 000 Polaków i Żydów - obywateli polskich''.〕 2,770,000 Poles,〔Materski and Szarota page 9 Łączne straty śmiertelne ludności polskiej pod okupacją niemiecką oblicza się obecnie na ok. 2 770 000.〕 2.7 to 2.9 million Jews 〔Materski and Szarota page 9 ''liczba Żydów i Polaków żydowskiego pochodzenia, obywateli II Rzeczypospolitej, zamordowanych przez Niemców sięga 2,7- 2,9 mln osób''〕 According to IPN research there were also 150,000 victims of Soviet repression.〔Materski and Szarota page 9 ''pod okupacją sowiecką zginęło w latach 1939-1941, a następnie 1944-1945 co najmniej 150 tys. obywateli II RP''〕 ;Jewish Holocaust deaths (詳細はPolish Jews were victims of the Holocaust. The Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) puts total Jewish dead at 2.7 to 2.9 million 〔Materski and Szarota page 32〕 Polish researchers estimate 1,860,000 Polish Jews were murdered in the Nazi death camps, others perished in the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland and in pacification campaigns.〔Materski and Szarota Page 32 Najwięcej Żydów polskich zginęło w obozach śmierci - 1 860 000. Pozostali stracili życie w gettach, w pacyfikacjach itp.〕 Polish research estimated the Nazi death camp toll at 2,830,000; including 1,860,000 Polish Jews- 490,000 Belzec; 60,000 Sobibor; 800,000 Treblinka; 150,000 Chełmno; 300,000 Auschwitz; 60,000 Majdanek; an additional 970,000 Jews from other countries were transported to these camps and murdered.〔Materski and Szarota. due Soviet repression. Page 32〕 The Nazi death camps located in Poland are sometimes incorrectly described as Polish death camps. ;Human Losses of the ethnic Polish population According to the figures published by the Polish government in exile in 1941 the ethnic Polish population was 24,388,000 at the beginning of the war in September 1939.〔Maly Rocznik Statystyczny Polski- London 1941〕 The IPN puts the death toll of ethnic Poles under the German occupation at 2,770,000〔Materski and Szarota Page 9〕 and 150,000 due to Soviet repression〔Materski and Szarota. Page 9〕 The main causes of these losses are as follows. ;Acts of War * 1939 Military Campaign-About 200,000〔Materski and Szarota. Page 16〕 Polish civilians were killed in the 1939 Military Campaign. Many were killed in the Luftwaffe's terror bombing operations, including the bombing of Frampol〔 and Wieluń,〔 bombing of Sulejów.〔(History of Sulejów )〕 Massive air raids were conducted on these, and other towns which had no military infrastructure.〔 Civilians were strafed from the air with machine gun fire in what became known as a terror bombing campaign. Columns of fleeing refugees were systematically attacked by the German fighter and dive-bomber aircraft.〔 The Siege of Warsaw (1939) caused a huge toll of civilian casualties. From the very first hours of World War II, Warsaw, the capital of Poland, was a target of an unrestricted aerial bombardment campaign by the German Luftwaffe. Apart from the military facilities such as infantry barracks and the Okęcie airport and aircraft factory, the German pilots also targeted civilian facilities such as water works, hospitals, market places and schools. * Warsaw Uprising Between 150,000 and 250,000 Polish civilians died in the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, mostly from mass murders such as the Wola massacre.〔Materski and Szarota Page 16 przez Łuczaka, który jednak sumuje jedynie straty ludności cywilnej z 1939 r. i Powstania Warszawskiego, pomijając te, które zostały poniesione na skutek działań wojennych na innych frontach, zwłaszcza z okresu 1944-1945. Wysokość strat ludności cywilnej w Powstaniu Warszawskim jest podawana bardzo różnie. W ostatnich latach na najwyższym poziomie, około 250 tys. ludności, określili je Stanisław B. Lenard i Ireneusz Wywiał, Władysław Bartoszewski zaś podaje liczbę około 150 tys. zabitych, z czego około 50 tys. miało zginąć w wyniku nalotów niemieckich, "ponad 40 tys. mężczyzn, kobiet i dzieci wymordowały na Woli, Ochocie, Starym Mieście i Czerniakowie oddziały Reinefartha, Dirlewangera i Schmidta, tysiące - w alei Szucha - formacje policyjne podległe Geiblowi i Hahnowi". Autorzy niemieccy przedstawiają straty ludności cywilnej w czasie Powstania Warszawskiego w wysokości 150-220 tys.〕 ;Murdered in Prisons or Camps, and in mass executions During the occupation many Non-Jewish ethnic Poles were killed in mass executions, including an estimated 37,000 Poles〔Materski and Szarota Page 28〕 at the Pawiak prison complex run by the Gestapo. Polish researchers of the Institute of National Remembrance have estimate about roughly 800,000 ethnic Polish victims during the German occupation including 400,000 in prisons, 148,000 killed in executions and 240,000 deaths among those deported to concentration camps,〔Materski and Szarota Page 28 ''Dawałoby to liczbę 400 tys. osadzonych w więzieniach, 148 tys. zamordowanych w egzekucjach i 240 tys. zesłanych do obozów koncentracyjnych.''〕 including 70-75,000〔Materski and Szarota Page 27〕 at Auschwitz. During the occupation, communities were held collectively responsible for Polish attacks against German troops and mass executions were conducted in reprisal.〔〔 Many mass executions took place outside prisons and camps such as the Mass murders in Piaśnica. Psychiatric patients were executed in Action T4. Farmers were murdered during pacifications of villages. ;Forced Labor in Germany Non-Jewish ethnic Poles in large cities were targeted by the ''łapanka'' policy which the German occupiers utilized to indiscriminately round up civilians off the street to be sent as forced laborers to Germany. In Warsaw, between 1942 and 1944, there were approximately 400 daily victims of ''łapankas''. Poles in rural areas and small towns were also conscripted for forced labor by the German occupiers. According to research by the Institute of National Remembrance between 1939 and 1945, 1,897,000 〔Materski and Szarota Page 30〕 Polish citizens were taken to Germany as forced laborers under inhuman conditions, which resulted in many deaths. However, Czesław Łuczak put the number of Poles deported to Germany at 2,826,500 〔Tadeusz Piotrowski ''Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947'' McFarland & Company, 1997 ISBN 0786403713 p.300〕 Although Germany also used forced laborers from all over Europe, Slavs (and especially Poles and Russians) who were viewed as racially inferior, were subjected to intensified discriminatory measures. They were forced to wear identifying purple tags with "P"s sewn to their clothing, subjected to a curfew, and banned from public transportation. While the treatment of factory workers or farm hands often varied depending on the individual employer, most Polish laborers were compelled to work longer hours for lower wages than Western Europeans. In many cities, they were forced to live in segregated barracks behind barbed wire. Social relations with Germans outside work were forbidden, and sexual relations ("racial defilement") were considered a capital crime punishable by death. ;Malnutrition and Disease Prior to the war the area which became the General Government was not self sufficient in agricultural production and was a net importer of food from other regions of Poland.〔 Despite this food deficit the German occupiers confiscated 27% of the agricultural output in the General Government, thus reducing the food available for the civilian population.〔 This Nazi policy caused a humanitarian crisis in Poland’s urban areas. In 1940 20 to 25% of the population the Government General depended on outside relief aid.〔 Richard C. Lukas points out “To be sure, the Poles would have starved to death if they had to depend on the food rationed to them."〔 To supplement the meager rations allocated by the Germans, Poles depended on the black market in order to survive. During the war 80% of the population’s needs were met by the black market.〔 During the war there was an increase in infectious diseases caused by the general malnutrition among the Polish population. In 1940 the tuberculosis rate among Poles, not including Jews, was 420 per 100,000 compared to 136 per 100,000 prior to the war.〔 During the occupation the natural death rate in the General Government increased to 1.7% per annum compared to the prewar level of 1.4%〔Zieliński, Henryk. ''Population changes in Poland, 1939-1950''.(York ) Mid-European Studies Center, National Committee for a Free Europe 1954 Page67〕 ;Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany Part of the Generalplan Ost involved taking children from Poland and moving them to Nazi Germany for the purpose of Germanization, or indoctrination into becoming culturally German. The aim of the project was to acquire and "Germanize" children with purportedly Aryan traits who were considered by Nazi officials to be descendants of German settlers in Poland. The Institute of National Remembrance cited a source published in the People's Republic of Poland in 1960 that put the number of children kidnapped in Poland at 200,000 of whom only 30,000 were eventually returned to Poland, the others remained in post war Germany.〔Materski and Szarota. ''Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami''. Institute of National Remembrance(IPN) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6 page 99〕 ;Soviet Repression In the aftermath of the September 1939 German and Soviet invasion of Poland, the territory of Poland was divided between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (USSR). The Soviet occupied territories of Poland, with total population of 13.0 million, was subjected to a reign of terror. According to research published in 2009 by the Institute of National Remembrance about 1.0 million Polish citizens from all ethnic groups were arrested, conscripted or deported by the Soviet occupiers from 1939 to 1941; including about 200,000 Polish military personnel held as prisoners of war; 100,000 Polish citizens were arrested and imprisoned by the Soviets, including civic officials, military personnel and other "enemies of the people" like the clergy and Polish educators; 475,000 Poles who were considered "enemies of the people" were deported to remote regions of the USSR; 76,000 Polish citizens were conscripted into the Soviet Armed forces and 200,000 were conscripted as forced laborers in the interior of the Soviet Union. When the Soviet forces returned to Poland in 1944-1945 there was a new wave of repression of Polish citizens from all ethnic groups including 188,000 deported, 50,000 conscripted as forced labor and 50,000 arrested.〔Materski and Szarota page 30〕 The Institute of National Remembrance puts the confirmed death toll due to the Soviet occupation at 150,000 persons including 22,000 murdered Polish military officers and government officials in the Katyn massacre. They pointed out that Czesław Łuczak estimated the total population loss at 500,000 ethnic Poles in the Soviet occupied regions.〔Materski and Szarota page 9〕 Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths due to Soviet repression at 90,000–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets〔 According to Zbigniew S. Siemaszko the total of those deported was 1,646,000 of whom 1,450,000 were residents and refugees (excluding POWs).〔Tadeusz Piotrowski ''Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947'' McFarland & Company, 1997 ISBN 0786403713 Page 297〕 According to Franciszek Proch the total of those deported was 1,800,000 of whom 1,050,000 perished.〔Franciszek Proch, Poland's Way of the Cross, New York 1987 Pages 99-147〕 ;Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia An estimated 50,000 to 100,000 〔Paul Robert Magocsi. (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pg. 621〕〔(Resolve the Ukrainian Question Once and For All: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943-1947, Timothy Snyder, Working Paper, Yale University, 2001 )〕〔Grzegorz Motyka, Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła". Konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943- 1947. Kraków 2011, p.447〕 ethnic Poles were killed in an ethnic cleansing operation carried out by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) beginning in March 1943 and lasting until the end of 1944 in the Nazi occupied Volhynia and Eastern Galicia.〔 The Institute of National Remembrance maintains that 7,500 ethnic Ukrainians were also killed during this interethnic conflict 〔〔Wojciech Materski, Tomasz Szarota (2009), (POLSKA 1939-1945 STRATY OSOBOWE I OFIARY REPRESJI POD DWIEMA OKUPACJAMI. ) Internet Archive. Retrieved March 13, 2013.〕 ;Losses of other ethnic minorities The figure of 5.6 to 5.8 million war dead estimated by the IPN was for only the Jewish and ethnic Polish population. They did not provide figures for the death toll of Polish citizens from the other ethnic minorities.〔Materski and Szarota. pp 32-34〕 ;Ukrainians, Belarusians and Lithuanians According to the figures published by the Polish government in exile in 1941 there were about 7.0 million Polish citizens from ethnic minorities at the beginning of the war in September 1939, mostly Ukrainians, Belarusians, Polishchuks and Lithuanians living in the eastern regions of Poland annexed by the USSR.〔Maly Rocznik Statystyczny Polski-London 1941〕 The IPN did not estimate the death toll of Polish citizens from these ethnic minorities. The IPN maintains that accurate figures for these losses are not available because of border changes and population transfers, according to their figures 308,000 Polish citizens from the ethnic minorities were deported into the interior of the Soviet Union and were conscripted into the Soviet armed forces. During the German occupation Polish citizens from ethnic minorities were deported to Germany for forced labor.〔〔 ;Ethnic Germans In prewar Poland about 800,000 persons were identified as ethnic Germans.〔 According to the IPN 5,437 ethnic Germans were killed in the 1939 military campaign. The IPN also puts the number of Polish citizens conscripted into the German armed forces at 250,000 of whom 60,000 were killed in action. Tens of thousands of ethnic Germans were killed during the Nazi evacuation from Poland in 1944 and 1945, and as a result of repression NKVD and Red Army or died in post war internment camps.〔 During the war the Nazi occupiers instituted the Volksliste in the Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany to register ethnic Germans in Poland. Many Polish citizens were pressured to sign the Volksliste in order to avoid Nazi reprisals. About 1 million persons were on Volksliste groups 1 and 2 that included Polish citizens of German descent; Volksliste groups 3 and 4 included 1.7 Polish citizens that were subject to future Germanisation.〔Ryszard Kaczmarek, Polacy w Wehrmachcie, Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 2010, p.412, ISBN 978-83-08-04488-9〕 In addition 61,000 .〔 ethnic Germans were living in the General Government. During the war 522,149 ethnic Germans from other nations were settled in Poland by the Third Reich.〔 By 1950 670,000 ethnic Germans from prewar Poland had fled or were expelled and about 40,000 remained in Poland; about 200,000 Polish citizens who were on Volksliste groups 1 and 2 during the war were rehabilitated as Polish citizens.〔Gerhard Reichning, Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Teil 1, Bonn 1995. Page 36〕〔Stanisław Jankowiak, Wysiedlenie i emigracja ludności niemieckiej w polityce władz polskich w latach 1945-1970,Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Warszawa 2005, ISBN 83-89078-80-5〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「World War II casualties of Poland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|